The study challenges the perception that scented wax melts are a safer alternative to combustion-based candles
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Aroma compounds released from the scented wax melts can react with ozone in indoor air to form potentially toxic particles, researchers have warned.
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The study challenges the perception that scented wax melts are a safer alternative to combustion-based candles.
Previous research has shown that scented wax melts emit more airborne scent compounds than traditional candles.
The direct heating of the wax maximises its surface area, thereby releasing more fragrance – such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) made of hydrocarbons – into the air, according to the study published in the ACS’ Environmental Science & Technology Letters.
Researchers know that these chemicals can react with other compounds in the air to form nanometer-wide particles, which have been linked to negative health effects when inhaled.
However, the potential for nanoparticle formation during wax-melt use was unknown.
So, Nusrat Jung, Brandon Boor and colleagues from Purdue University in the US set out to investigate this process using wax melts in a full-scale house model that mimicked a typical residential house.
The researchers conducted experiments on 15 commercially available wax melts, both unscented and scented ( lemon, papaya, tangerine and peppermint), in the model house.
They first established a baseline of indoor air pollutants and then switched on the wax warmer for about 2 hours.
During and after this period, the researchers continuously sampled the air a few yards (meters) away from the wax melts and found airborne nanoparticles, between 1 and 100 nanometers wide, at levels that were comparable to previously reported levels for traditional, combustion-based candles.
“These particles could pose an inhalation risk because they are small enough to pass through respiratory tissues and enter the bloodstream,” say the researchers.
Additionally, using literature data, the team calculated that a person could inhale similar amounts of nanoparticles from wax melts as from traditional candles and gas stoves.
In the experiments, the main VOCs emitted from the wax melts were terpenes, such as monoterpenes and monoterpenoids. The researchers identified that the airborne terpenes reacted with ozone and formed sticky compounds, which aggregated into nanoscale particles.
However, after warming an unscented wax melt, the team observed no terpene emissions or nanoparticle formation, which suggests that these aroma compounds contribute to nanoparticle formation.
“More toxicology research is needed on the risks of breathing in nanoparticles formed from wax melts,” said researchers.
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