Adverse health effects of using artificial sweeteners as an alternative to sugar

There may be potential undesirable effects from the long-term use of artificial sweeteners, such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults

In a world grappling with increasing health concerns and a growing desire for healthier lifestyles, artificial sweeteners have gained significant popularity as an alternative to traditional sugar. Marketed as a guilt-free way to satisfy sweet cravings without the added calories, these sugar substitutes have become a staple in countless households. But are they safe to be consumed? Dr Rajiv Kovil, diabetologist, Zandra Healthcare and co-founder, Rang De Neela initiative shares insights on the same. 

As the use of artificial sweeteners continues to rise, the World Health Organization (WHO) advises against using non-sugar sweeteners for weight control in their newly released guidelines.”

Artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin, are chemically engineered substances that mimic the taste of sugar. They offer a much sweeter flavor than sugar itself, allowing people to enjoy sweet-tasting foods and beverages without the same caloric consequences. However, several studies have shed light on potential downsides associated with these seemingly miraculous alternatives, and that sets the context for WHO’s newly released guidelines.

One of the most concerning aspects of artificial sweeteners is their effects on weight management and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Surprisingly, despite their zero or low-calorie content, several studies have shown no long-term benefits in reducing body fat in adults or children. The results of the recent WHO review that preceded the release of the newer guidelines suggest that there may be potential undesirable effects from long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners, such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults. The reason behind this paradoxical phenomenon is still unclear, but some researchers suggest that consuming artificially sweetened products might lead to an increased preference for sweet foods, ultimately leading to overeating and weight gain.

Moreover, artificial sweeteners have also been associated with disruptions in gut microbiota, the complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in our digestive system. Studies have shown that these sweeteners can alter the composition and diversity of gut bacteria, potentially impacting overall gut health. Another alarming concern is around aspartame, a commonly used artificial sweetener, which is set to be declared as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the cancer research arm of the WHO.

A report on aspartame is likely to be made available to the public by WHO on July 14, 2023. In the past, animal studies have suggested a possible link between artificial sweetener consumption and an increased risk of certain cancers, such as bladder cancer. However, human studies have not yet provided conclusive evidence to support these claims.

While artificial sweeteners are deemed safe for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), have raised concerns about their potential long-term effects. In a recent event organized by the Indian Beverage Association (IBA), a senior FSSAI adviser said that a panel has been set up by the FSSAI to deliberate on the WHO guidelines. He also mentioned that the FSSAI is not likely to follow the ‘West’ or the ‘East’, but rather base their guidelines on data generated with the Indian population.

In light of the complex findings surrounding artificial sweeteners, moderation and informed decision-making remain key. While they can be a helpful tool for individuals aiming to reduce their sugar intake or manage diabetes, overreliance on these substitutes might have unintended consequences. Ultimately, the choice to include artificial sweeteners in one's diet should be made with a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and risks. Relying on whole, unprocessed foods and reducing overall sugar consumption remains the most reliable approach to maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

As scientists continue to delve into the impact of artificial sweeteners on human health, it is crucial to approach these alternatives with caution. Striking the right balance between satisfying our sweet tooth and safeguarding our well-being requires a deeper understanding of the adverse health effects of these sugar substitutes. 

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