Healthy diet is now linked with greater physical fitness in middle-aged adults

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A nutritious diet is related to higher physical fitness in middle-aged people, according to a study. The findings of the study were published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

"This study provides some of the strongest and most rigorous data thus far to support the connection that better diets may lead to higher fitness," said study author Dr. Michael Mi of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, US. "The improvement in fitness we observed in participants with better diets was similar to the effect of taking 4,000 more steps each day."

Cardiorespiratory fitness measures the body's ability to deliver and utilise oxygen during exercise, and it takes into account the health of several organ systems, including the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and muscles. It is one of the most powerful indicators of health and lifespan. While exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, there are disparities in fitness among persons who exercise the same amount, indicating that other factors have a role. A healthy diet has been linked to a variety of health advantages, but it is unknown if it is also linked to fitness.

The purpose of this study was to see if a nutritious diet is related to physical fitness in community-dwelling individuals. The Framingham Heart Study includes 2,380 participants. The average age was 54 years, and 54% of the participants were female. To determine peak VO2, participants performed a maximal effort cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. This is the gold standard of fitness evaluation and represents the quantity of oxygen consumed during the most intense activity imaginable.

Participants also completed the Harvard semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess intake of 126 dietary items during the last year ranging from never or less than once per month to six or more servings per day. The information was used to rate diet quality using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI; 0 to 110) and Mediterranean-style Diet Score (MDS; 0 to 25), which are both associated with heart health. Higher scores indicated a better quality diet emphasising vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, legumes, fish and healthy fats and limiting red meat and alcohol.

The researchers evaluated the association between diet quality and fitness after controlling for other factors that could influence the relationship, including age, sex, total daily energy intake, body mass index, smoking status, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, diabetes and routine physical activity level. The average AHEI and MDS were 66.7 and 12.4, respectively. Compared with the average score, an increase of 13 points on the AHEI and 4.7 on the MDS was associated with a 5.2% and 4.5% greater peak VO2, respectively.3

Dr. Mi said: "In middle-aged adults, healthy dietary patterns were strongly and favourably associated with fitness even after taking habitual activity levels into account. The relationship was similar in women and men, and more pronounced in those under 54 years of age compared to older adults."

To discover the potential mechanism linking diet and fitness, the researchers performed further analyses. They examined the relationship between diet quality, fitness and metabolites, which are substances produced during digestion and released into the blood during exercise. A total of 201 metabolites (e.g. amino acids) were measured in blood samples collected in a subset of 1,154 study participants. Some 24 metabolites were associated with either poor diet and fitness, or with favourable diet and fitness, after adjusting for the same factors considered in the previous analyses. Dr. Mi said: "Our metabolite data suggest that eating healthily is associated with better metabolic health, which could be one possible way that it leads to improved fitness and ability to exercise."

Regarding limitations, he noted: "This was an observational study and we cannot conclude that eating well causes better fitness, or exclude the possibility of a reverse relationship, i.e. that fit individuals choose to eat healthily."

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